GHG Protocol reporting means calculating a company’s Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in tonnes of CO₂e using the Corporate Standard. In India, SEBI’s BRSR Core framework names the GHG Protocol as the way to measure Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, and it phases in from the top 150 listed entities in FY 2023-24 to the top 1,000 by FY 2026-27. For Scope 2, SEBI’s industry standards require the latest CEA-published grid emission factor where measurable data is available.
Consider a Pune auto-parts plant that buys 12 million kWh of grid power a year (₹10.8 crore at ₹9 per kWh) and burns 400 kilolitres of diesel. At an assumed grid factor of 0.72 tCO₂/MWh and 2.68 kg of CO₂ per litre of diesel, Scope 1 and 2 total about 9,700 tonnes of CO₂e, and a 10% cut in purchased power saves ₹1.08 crore and about 864 tonnes (illustrative figures).
Reporting starts with decisions, not data: which sites and entities are inside the boundary, which base year is used, and which emission factors apply. Poor choices here cause most restatements later. Once the boundary is fixed, auditors collect fuel and electricity records, apply sourced factors, calculate by scope, and test the result before anyone signs it. This guide walks through each step for Indian businesses.
GHG Protocol reporting converts fuel, electricity and activity data into tonnes of CO₂e for Scope 1, 2 and 3. In India, SEBI’s BRSR Core uses the GHG Protocol for Scope 1 and 2 and requires the latest CEA grid emission factor. Coverage phases in to the top 1,000 listed entities by FY 2026-27.
Identifying Scope 1, 2, and 3 Emissions
Identifying and categorizing greenhouse gas emissions into Scope 1, 2, and 3 is a critical step in the process of measuring and managing an organization’s carbon footprint. Scope 1 emissions are typically the easiest to identify and measure, as they come from sources that are directly owned or controlled by the organization. These emissions include combustion of fossil fuels in company-owned vehicles, equipment, and facilities. Identifying and quantifying Scope 1 emissions often involves collecting data on fuel consumption, energy use, and other relevant activities within the organization.
Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions that result from the generation of purchased electricity, heat, or steam consumed by the organization. These emissions are often more challenging to identify and measure, as they are associated with energy consumption from external sources. Organizations must work with their energy suppliers to obtain accurate data on electricity consumption and associated emissions. Additionally, organizations may choose to purchase renewable energy certificates or invest in on-site renewable energy generation to reduce their Scope 2 emissions.
Scope 3 emissions are the most complex category of greenhouse gas emissions to identify and measure, as they encompass all other indirect emissions that occur in the value chain of the organization. These emissions can include those from purchased goods and services, transportation, waste disposal, and employee commuting. Identifying and quantifying Scope 3 emissions often requires collaboration with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders to gather data on the entire lifecycle of products and services. Understanding the different categories of emissions is essential for organizations to develop effective strategies for reducing their carbon footprint.
Setting GHG Reduction Targets
Setting greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets is a critical step for organizations committed to addressing climate change and reducing their carbon footprint. GHG reduction targets provide a clear roadmap for organizations to achieve their emission reduction goals and demonstrate their commitment to sustainability. When setting GHG reduction targets, organizations should consider their current emissions levels, industry benchmarks, regulatory requirements, and stakeholder expectations. Targets should be ambitious yet achievable, with a clear timeline for implementation and regular monitoring and reporting.
There are several approaches to setting GHG reduction targets, including absolute targets, intensity-based targets, and science-based targets. Absolute targets aim to reduce overall GHG emissions regardless of changes in business activity or growth. Intensity-based targets focus on reducing GHG emissions per unit of production or output, allowing for growth while still reducing emissions. Science-based targets align with the latest climate science and aim to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Organizations should carefully consider their unique circumstances and goals when selecting the most appropriate target-setting approach.
In addition to setting GHG reduction targets for their own operations, organizations can also set targets for their supply chain emissions. This can involve working with suppliers to reduce emissions from purchased goods and services or investing in low-carbon technologies throughout the value chain. By setting ambitious GHG reduction targets, organizations can drive innovation, improve operational efficiency, and demonstrate leadership in addressing climate change.
Collecting and Calculating GHG Emissions Data
Collecting and calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data is a crucial step in the process of measuring an organization’s carbon footprint. Accurate data collection is essential for understanding an organization’s environmental impact, identifying opportunities for emission reductions, and tracking progress towards GHG reduction targets. The process of collecting and calculating GHG emissions data involves gathering information on energy consumption, fuel use, waste generation, transportation activities, and other relevant sources of emissions.
To collect GHG emissions data, organizations must first identify all relevant sources of emissions within their operations. This can include direct emissions from fuel combustion in company-owned vehicles and equipment (Scope 1), indirect emissions from purchased electricity consumption (Scope 2), and other indirect emissions from activities such as employee commuting and business travel (Scope 3). Once sources of emissions have been identified, organizations can begin collecting data on energy use, fuel consumption, waste generation, and other relevant activities.
After collecting data on GHG emissions sources, organizations must calculate their total greenhouse gas emissions using appropriate emission factors and conversion factors. Emission factors are specific to each type of greenhouse gas and are used to convert activity data (e.g., fuel consumption) into CO2 equivalent emissions. Conversion factors are used to convert non-CO2 greenhouse gases into CO2 equivalent emissions based on their global warming potential. By accurately collecting and calculating GHG emissions data, organizations can gain valuable insights into their environmental impact and develop effective strategies for reducing their carbon footprint.
Reporting GHG Emissions
Reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an essential component of corporate sustainability disclosure and transparency. By publicly reporting their GHG emissions data, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to addressing climate change, improve stakeholder trust, and enhance their reputation as responsible corporate citizens. Reporting GHG emissions also provides valuable information for investors, customers, employees, regulators, and other stakeholders who are increasingly interested in understanding an organization’s environmental performance.
When reporting GHG emissions data, organizations should follow internationally recognized reporting standards such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol or other relevant frameworks such as the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) or the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). These standards provide guidelines for collecting, calculating, and reporting GHG emissions data in a consistent and transparent manner. Organizations should also consider reporting their GHG emissions data through platforms such as CDP or other sustainability reporting initiatives to enhance visibility and comparability.
In addition to reporting absolute GHG emissions data, organizations can also report on their progress towards GHG reduction targets and initiatives to mitigate climate change. This can include information on energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy investments, emission reduction projects, and other sustainability initiatives. By transparently reporting their GHG emissions data and climate-related actions, organizations can build trust with stakeholders and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Verifying GHG Emissions Data
Verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data is an important step in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of an organization’s carbon footprint calculations. GHG verification involves an independent assessment of an organization’s GHG inventory to confirm that it has been prepared in accordance with relevant standards and guidelines. Verification provides assurance to stakeholders that an organization’s reported GHG emissions data is accurate and credible.
There are several key benefits to verifying GHG emissions data. First, verification enhances the credibility of an organization’s sustainability reporting by providing independent assurance that its GHG inventory has been prepared in accordance with recognized standards such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. This can improve stakeholder trust and confidence in an organization’s environmental performance. Second, verification can identify opportunities for improving data collection processes and enhancing the accuracy of GHG calculations. Third, verification can help organizations identify potential risks related to climate change impacts and regulatory compliance.
When selecting a verification provider, organizations should consider factors such as the provider’s expertise in GHG accounting and reporting, accreditation status, experience with similar organizations or industries, and reputation for independence and objectivity. Organizations should also ensure that verification activities are conducted in a transparent manner with clear communication of findings and recommendations. By verifying their GHG emissions data, organizations can enhance the credibility of their sustainability reporting and demonstrate a commitment to transparency and accountability.
Implementing GHG Reduction Strategies
Implementing greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies is a critical step for organizations committed to addressing climate change and reducing their carbon footprint. There are numerous strategies that organizations can pursue to reduce their GHG emissions across all three scopes. These strategies can include improving energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy sources, optimizing transportation systems, reducing waste generation, investing in low-carbon technologies, engaging with suppliers on emission reductions, and promoting sustainable practices among employees.
Improving energy efficiency is one of the most effective strategies for reducing GHG emissions within an organization’s operations. This can involve upgrading equipment with energy-efficient technologies, optimizing building systems for reduced energy consumption, implementing lighting retrofits, and conducting energy audits to identify opportunities for improvement. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power can also significantly reduce an organization’s carbon footprint by displacing fossil fuel-based electricity consumption.
Optimizing transportation systems is another key strategy for reducing Scope 1 and Scope 3 emissions. This can include promoting telecommuting and remote work options for employees to reduce commuting-related emissions, investing in electric or hybrid vehicles for company fleets, implementing carpooling programs, providing incentives for public transportation use, and optimizing logistics operations to minimize fuel consumption.
Reducing waste generation is also an important strategy for minimizing an organization’s environmental impact. This can involve implementing recycling programs for paper, plastic, glass, and other materials; reducing packaging waste through sustainable packaging design; composting organic waste; and minimizing food waste through improved inventory management.
Engaging with suppliers on emission reductions is another effective strategy for addressing Scope 3 emissions within an organization’s value chain. This can involve working with suppliers to improve energy efficiency in manufacturing processes; sourcing materials from low-carbon suppliers; promoting sustainable agricultural practices; and collaborating on emission reduction projects throughout the supply chain.
By implementing these and other GHG reduction strategies across all three scopes of emissions, organizations can significantly reduce their carbon footprint while driving innovation, improving operational efficiency, enhancing stakeholder trust, and demonstrating leadership in addressing climate change. Know more about – Air Compressor Performance and Air Audit in Textile Mills: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu, Tiruppur
FAQs
Q1. How much can GHG reporting save?
The inventory itself does not save money; the energy data it exposes does. In an illustrative case, a plant buying 12 million kWh a year at ₹9 per kWh spends ₹10.8 crore. A 10% cut in purchased power saves ₹1.08 crore and, at an assumed 0.72 tCO₂/MWh, about 864 tonnes of CO₂e. Reporting also supports customer, lender and supply-chain requests.
Q2. What are the steps in GHG Protocol reporting?
Set the organisational boundary (equity share, financial control or operational control) and the operational boundary; choose a base year; collect activity data such as fuel, electricity and refrigerant records; apply sourced emission factors; calculate Scope 1, 2 and 3; check the data for gaps and double counting; report with methods and exclusions stated; and arrange independent verification.
Q3. Is GHG reporting mandatory in India?
It is mandatory through BRSR for India’s top 1,000 listed entities by market capitalisation, and BRSR Core, which includes the GHG footprint, phases in to the top 1,000 by FY 2026-27 under SEBI’s July 2023 circular. Other companies report voluntarily, often because customers, lenders or supply-chain programmes ask for it.
Q4. What is the difference between the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064?
The GHG Protocol, from WRI and WBCSD, is the widely used accounting and reporting standard and the one SEBI references for BRSR Core. ISO 14064-1 specifies organisation-level quantification and reporting, and ISO 14064-3 covers verification. They are compatible: many Indian companies calculate by the GHG Protocol and have the result verified to ISO 14064-3.
Q5. What mistakes make GHG reports fail verification?
Common mistakes are a vague boundary, missing diesel generator and refrigerant sources, outdated emission factors, double counting across scopes, no documented base year and no evidence trail. Fixes are a written boundary note, a source register for every factor, invoice-level data for fuel and power, and a review before verification.
Q6. Which emission factor should Indian companies use for electricity?
For Scope 2, SEBI’s industry standards for BRSR Core require the latest grid emission factor published by the Central Electricity Authority where measurable data is available. For Scope 1 fuel, BRSR Core accepts IPCC factors or factors from an accredited test laboratory, and the source must be disclosed.